Abap bitwise operations
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You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy. In addition, you'll learn how to use ABAP bitwise operators to write Boolean algebraic expressions. Advanced ABAP operations with elementary data types Working with ABAP date and time data types Understanding ABAP programming bits and bytes.
Modern programming languages do such a tremendous job of abstracting the complexities of computer architectures that, these days, we seldom have any need to work at the bits and bytes level.
Normally, whenever we talk about the built-in native data types provided in the ABAP programming language, we focus our attention around the numeric and character data types. However, ABAP also provides a hexadecimal data type X that is used to represent individual bytes in memory. The values stored in the individual bytes are represented as two-digit hexadecimal numbers. If you have never worked with binary or hexadecimal numbers before, then a brief introduction is in order.
A byte is a unit of measure for memory inside of a computer. Each byte is comprised of 8 bits. The term bit is an abbreviation for binary digit. A bit can have one of two logical values: In terms of computer circuitry, bits that have the value 1 are turned on, while those that have the value 0 are turned off.
The binary or base-2 number system represents numeric values using binary digits. As you can see, reading from right to left, the value of each bit is calculated by multiplying one or zero i. Therefore, the values of bytes are often represented using the hexadecimal or base numbering system. Conveniently, each hexadecimal digit can hold any possible value of 4 bits commonly called a nibble. Therefore, two hexadecimal digits can be used to represent a single byte of information in memory.
Here, as is the case with the C and STRING data types described in Chapter 1, String Processing Techniques, there is a trade-off between performance and flexibility. The following sections describe the built-in bitwise operators available in ABAP.
You can use the GET BIT and SET BIT statements to read and write individual bits of a hexadecimal data object. The general syntax of these statements is shown in Listing 2. For good measure, we also shift the bits around one more time at the end of the code snippet, using the SHIFT statement in byte mode.
However, there are situations where it can be quite useful. One way other modern programming languages, such as Java or. NET, get around this limitation is by developing a so-called numeric wrapper class. For instance, the java. BigInteger class provided with the Java 2 SDK is used to represent arbitrarily large integer values. In addition to the GET BIT and SET BIT statements, ABAP also provides a series of bitwise logical operators that can be used to build Boolean algebraic expressions.
Of course, even if you have worked with Boolean operators before, you might need a bit of a refresher. Just like normal arithmetic operators, the bitwise operators can be combined in complex expressions using parentheses, and so on. To see the power of bitwise operators such as the ones listed in Table 2. Imagine that you are tasked with building a custom document management system.
One of the requirements of this system is to be able to assign rights permissions to the individual documents maintained in the system.
ABAP bit shifting and bitwise add, subtract, multiply · GitHub
One way to store these assignments might be to create a database table that contained a series of flag columns to indicate whether or not a user had a particular permission for a given document. Unfortunately, there are a couple of problems with this approach.
First of all, it requires that we create separate fields for each possible permission type.
As the system grows, additional permission types require a modification to the database table. This phenomenon leads into the second problem — namely, space. In other words, each additional flag column adds another byte or two of storage to every row in the table. Of course, another option is to capture the permissions in separate rows.
Still, either way you slice it, this can get expensive from a storage perspective. Instead of creating a new flag column each time we want to add a new permission type to our system, what if we could figure out a way to store a bunch of Boolean flags in a single field?
Naturally, the hexadecimal data type lends itself well to this kind of storage operation because it can be used as a type of bit mask to represent a large number of flags at the bit level.
For example, a single byte bit mask could represent up to 28, or , possible values, leaving us plenty of room to grow. The values of the individual Boolean flags can then be set using bitwise operators. Collectively, the process of representing a series of flags at the bit level and manipulating those flags using bitwise operators is referred to as bit masking.
ABAP COMPUTE BIT Statement syntax and functionality in SAP
The code excerpt in Listing 2. These permission values are assigned to a display-only user using the BIT-OR operator, which effectively works like an addition operator in this case. We can then confirm whether or not the user has a given permission by applying the BIT-AND operator.
Understanding ABAP programming bits and bytes
Here, the result matches the permission constant bit-for-bit if the particular permission has been assigned. This can be confirmed by using the equality operator in an IF statement. In the example, the user has Display permissions but not Create permissions. As you can see, bit masking can be used as an effective compression technique. Other practical examples of bit masking include the storage of user preferences and set operations, which are described in an example in the online SAP Help Portal.
In this chapter, you learned about some advanced and perhaps lesser-known features of elementary data types in ABAP. In the next chapter, we mix things up a bit and take a look at dynamic programming in ABAP. This excerpt from ABAP Cookbook: Download a PDF of this chapter.
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Unary operator that flips all of the bits in the hexadecimal number to the opposite value. For example, applying this operator to a hexadecimal number having the bit-level value e. Binary operator that compares each field bit-by-bit using the Boolean AND operator. Binary operator that compares each field bit-by-bit using the Boolean XOR or eXclusive OR operator.
Binary operator that compares each field bit-by-bit using the Boolean OR operator.