Trace the history of nigeria stock exchange
Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territorywhere the capitalAbuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia.
The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation inand plunged into a civil war from to It has since alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until it achieved a stable democracy inwith the presidential elections considered the first to be reasonably free and fair.
Nigeria is often referred to as the "Giant of Africa", owing to its large population and economy. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christianswho live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities.
It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in It is also listed among the " Next Eleven " economies set to become among the biggest in the world.
Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations, including the United Nationsthe Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shawwho later married Lord Lugarda British colonial administrator. The origin of the name Nigerwhich originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain.
The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-iger ewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. The Nok civilisation of Northern Nigeria flourished between BC and ADproducing life-sized terracotta figures which are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa.
The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri. The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th [36] [37] and 14th [38] centuries, respectively.
The oldest signs of human settlement at Ife's current site date back to the 9th century, [36] and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures. Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-day Togo. The Edo's Benin Empire is located in southwestern Nigeria. Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries.
Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko an Edo name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese and further. At the beginning of the 19th century, Usman dan Fodio directed a successful jihad and created and led the centralised Fulani Empire also known as the Sokoto Caliphate.
The territory controlled by the resultant state included much of modern-day northern and central Nigeria; it lasted until the break-up of the Empire into various European colonies. For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa.
In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade.
Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in BadagryLagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north. Slavery also existed in the territories comprising modern-day Nigeria.
The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture. A changing legal imperative transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in and economic imperative a desire for political and social stability led most European powers to support widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry.
The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britainthe NetherlandsPortugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors.
With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in Following the Napoleonic WarsGreat Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos indeposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoyeand signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August with the Lagos Treaty of Cession.
British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. InSamuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church. InBritish claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria.
On 1 JanuaryNigeria became a British protectorateand part of the British Empirethe foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory.
By war, the British conquered Benin inand, in the Anglo-Aro War —defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. Inthe British formally united the Niger area as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony.
Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction, economic and cultural, with the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy. Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country.
By independence inregional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well.
For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis.
By the middle of the 20th century, a great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. Nigeria achieved independence in Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group AGwhich was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo.
An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the plebiscite. Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. Inthe nation established a Federal Republicwith Azikiwe as its first president. When elections were held inthe Nigerian National Democratic Party came to power in Nigeria's Western Region. The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, into back-to-back military coups.
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The first coup was in January and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa BalewaPremier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region.
But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. Later, the counter-coup ofsupported primarily by Northern military officers, facilitated the rise of Lt.
Colonel Yakubu Gowon to head of state. Tension rose between North and South; Igbos in Northern cities suffered persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region. In Maythe Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafraunder the leadership of Lt. The month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January France, Egypt, the Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes.
Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others aided the Biafrans. Nigeria used Egyptian pilots for their air force. During the oil boom of the s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge oil revenues it was generating enriched the economy.
Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country.
As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and on international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop alternate revenue sources in the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria. Beginning inNigerians participated in a return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari.
The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. In the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NNPC began to notice "the slow poisoning of the waters of this country. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangidadeclared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and of the ruling Supreme Military Council.
He set as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: At the time most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing that debt. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conferencewhich aggravated religious tensions in the country.
Babangida survived an abortive coup, then postponed a promised return to democracy to Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan head of an interim government. In late Shonekan's caretaker regime was overwhelmed by the military coup of General Sani Abachawho used military force on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest.
He shifted money to offshore accounts in western European banks and defeated coup plots by bribing army generals. In the government hanged environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa on trumped-up charges in the deaths of four Ogoni elders. Lawsuits under the American Alien Tort Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian operation, settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability.
Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in His successor, General Abdulsalami Abubakaradopted a new constitution on 5 Maywhich provided for multiparty elections. On 29 May Abubakar transferred power to the winner of the elections, Obasanjo, who had since retired from the military.
Nigeria regained democracy in when it elected Olusegun Obasanjothe former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in and again in were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.
Ethnic violence for control over the oil-producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country. Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party PDP came into power in the general election of The international community has been observing Nigerian elections to encourage a free and fair process, and condemned this one as being severely flawed.
Yar'Adua died on 5 May Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May[67] becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice-president, Namadi Samboan architect and former Kaduna State governor, was chosen on 18 Mayby the National Assembly.
His confirmation followed President Jonathan's nomination of Sambo to that position. Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president until 16 Aprilwhen a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 Aprilhaving won the election with a total of 22, of the 39, votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change CPCwhich won 12, of the total votes cast.
In the March electionMuhammadu Buhari defeated Goodluck Jonathan by roughly 2 million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair. Jonathan was generally praised for conceding defeat and limiting the risk of unrest. Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States[75] with executive power exercised by the President.
It is influenced by the Westminster System model [ citation needed ] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature.
The president presides as both head of state and head of the federal government ; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representativeswhich are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly.
The Senate is a seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains seats, with the number of seats per state is determined by population.
Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.
Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities. About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. The then president Olusegun Obasanjoacknowledged fraud and other electoral "lapses" but said the result reflected opinion polls.
In a national television address inhe added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor, they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years. In the Nigerian general election,the victorious All Progressives Congress has House seats and 60 in the Senate while the defeated People's Democratic Party of Nigeria became the opposition with seats in the House and 49 in the Senate.
As in many other African societies, prebendalism and high rates of corruption continue to constitute major challenges to Nigeria. All major parties have practised vote rigging and other means of coercion to remain competitive. Inthe policy institute at Kuru concluded that only the and elections to that time were conducted with minimal vote rigging. The country has a judicial branchthe highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria.
Upon gaining independence inNigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa. The latter nation sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings.
Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress ANC by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa.
Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity now the African Unionand has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS and ECOMOGeconomic and military organisations, respectively.
With this African-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence and has maintained membership since that time. Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the s, including garnering support for Angola 's MPLASWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambiqueand Rhodesia.
Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. In late Novemberit organised an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts. It was temporarily expelled from the latter in when ruled by the Abacha regime. Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPECwhich it joined in July Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with both developed countriesnotably the United States, and the developing countries of China, Jamaicaand Ghana and Kenya in Africa.
Millions of Nigerians have emigrated at times of economic hardship, primarily to Europe, North America and Australia. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the Nigerian American populace. Individuals in many such Diasporic communities have joined the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society, a national association of Yoruba descendants in North America.
The Nigerian military are charged with protecting the Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts, especially in West Africa. This is in support of the doctrine sometimes called Pax Nigeriana. The Nigerian Military consist of an army, a navy, and an air force.
Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. Its last period of military rule ended in following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in His successor, Abdulsalam Abubakarhanded over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in As Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as a peacekeeping force on the continent.
Sincethe Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in LiberiaIvory Coast —and Sierra Leone — It is comparable in size to Venezuelaand is about twice the size of the US state of California.
The main rivers are the Niger and the Benuewhich converge and empty into the Niger Delta. This is one of the world's largest river deltas, and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves.
Nigeria has a varied landscape. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys which merge into each other and form a "y" shape. To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the Mambilla Plateauthe highest plateau in Nigeria.
This plateau extends through the border with Cameroonwhere the montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon. The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity.
It is habitat for the drill monkeywhich is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding CalabarCross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies.
The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland see Cross-Niger transition forests.
Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists binary options least 101 home study course mmx patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.
Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industryexperiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems, which has caused conflict. Waste management including sewage treatmentthe linked processes of deforestation and soil degradationand climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria.
Waste management presents problems trade 100 lots forex a mega city tips for successful forex traders Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste.
This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major Nigerian cities.
Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater. In Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in the world, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO.
Between andNigeria lost an average ofhectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2. Between andin total Nigeria lost While estimates vary, it is though that upwards of children died of acute lead poisoning making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning fatality epidemic ever encountered. Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territorywhich stock market simulator app iphone further sub-divided into Local Government Areas LGAs.
In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. LagosKanoIbadanBenin City and Port Harcourt. Lagos is the largest city in Africawith a population of over 12 million in its urban area.
Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging marketand has already reached lower middle income status according to the World Bank[] with its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange the Nigerian Stock Exchangewhich is the second largest in Africa.
Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP PPP in It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. In FebruaryCitigroup projected that Nigeria would have the highest average GDP growth in the world in — Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 Global Growth Generators countries.
Previously, economic development had been hindered by years of military rulecorruption, and mismanagement. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential.
As of [update] it is the largest economy in Africa, having overtaken South Africa. During the oil boom of the s, Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments. With the fall of oil prices during the s oil glut Nigeria struggled to keep up with its loan payments and eventually defaulted on its principal debt repayments, limiting repayment to the interest portion of the loans. Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal, which increased the size of the debt.
Nigeria is trying to reach the first of the Sustainable Development Goalswhich is to end poverty in all its forms by Government officials have not taken official action to reach this. One of the many options to reach this would be to reduce the corruption levels within the state. Major crops include beanssesamecashew nutscassavacocoa beansgroundnuts forexpros rates bonds, gum arabickolanut, maize cornmelonmilletpalm kernelspalm oilplantainsricerubbersorghumsoybeans and yams.
Prior to the Nigerian civil warNigeria was self-sufficient in food. Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. The country joined OPEC in The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone - shale in an anticline raghee horner thirty days of forex trading pdf trap at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres 1.
While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In AugustShell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.
Next to petrodollars, the second biggest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad. According to the International Organization for MigrationNigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from USD 2. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and France. On the African continent, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria, while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia.
Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world, major emerging market operators like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country.
Nigeria has a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja. Nigeria has a highly developed financial services sector, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, etrade stock option account companies and brokers, private equity funds and investment banks.
Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas, coal, bauxitetantalitegold, tiniron ore, limestoneniobiumlead and zinc. Nigeria has a manufacturing industry which includes leather and textiles centred Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and LagosNigeria currently has an indigenous auto manufacturing company; Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing located in Nnewi.
It produces Buses and SUVs. Nigeria euro rate today in pakistan recent years has been embracing industrialisation. It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors, which manufactures Rapid Transit BusesTrucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars. The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites.
The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September Nigeriasat-1 was part of the worldwide Disaster Monitoring Is it possible to make money with google adsense the best way System.
NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom -based satellite technology company. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.
NigComSat-1a Nigerian satellite built inwas Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 Mayaboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocketfrom the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA. On 11 NovemberNigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite busand carries a variety of transponders: It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders would also cover Italy.
On 10 November GMTthe satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites.
According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, it was put into "emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs". On 24 Marchthe Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd.
NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19, The United Nations estimates that the population in was at ,, distributed as National census results in the past few decades have been disputed.
The results of the most recent census were released in December and gave a population of , The only breakdown available was by gender: On JunePresident Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children.
According to the United Nations, Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and has one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world. By their projections, Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world's total population increase in — One in four Africans is a Nigerian.
Nigeria's largest city is Lagos. Lagos has grown from aboutin [] to an estimated 15 million today. Nigeria has more than ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group usually believed to be northern groups numerical superiority.
There are small minorities of British, American, East IndianChinese est. Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations.
These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abujaor in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies. A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution.
In the middle of the 19th century, a number of ex-slaves of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian descent [] and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria. Many ex-slaves came make money doing clinical trials Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas.
Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros immigrants from Sierra Leone and Amaro ex-slaves from Brazil [] later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities. In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British colonisation that ended in Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries.
The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages but is mostly spoken like the French spoken in Benin. French may also be mixed with English as it is in Cameroon. Most of america stock market aol population speaks English and their native language.
The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of languages of Africa: Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes.
English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos, the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself. With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages.
Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups.
Nigerian Pidgin Englishoften known simply as ' Pidgin ' or 'Broken' Broken Englishis also a popular lingua francathough with varying regional influences on dialect and slang.
Nigerian Stock Exchange
The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in WarriSapelePort HarcourtAgenebodeEwuand Benin City.
Religion in Nigeria Afrobarometer []. Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions. Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslimswith a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions.
Islam dominated the north and had a number of supporters in the South Western, Yoruba part of the country. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa. Protestantism and local syncretic Christianity are also in evidence in Yoruba areas, while Roman Catholicism is more prominent in south eastern Nigeria.
Both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism dominated in the IbibioAnnangand the Efik kiosa lands. The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria fable 3 can you put your child up adoption Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence ; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab.
A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. A significant Shia minority exists see Shia in Nigeria. Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their kuwaiti dinar value today secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy.
There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities. An 18 December report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in The census of Association of Religion Data Archives has also reported that Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communionthe Assemblies of God Churchthe Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones.
These include the Redeemed Christian Church of GodWinners' ChapelChrist Apostolic Church the first Aladura Movement in NigeriaDeeper Christian Anz foreign exchange rates png MinistryEvangelical Church of West AfricaMountain of Fire and MiraclesChrist Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations.
In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsthe Aladura Churchthe Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth. The Yoruba area contains a large Anglican population, while Igboland is predominantly Roman Catholic and the Stock options class a v class b area is composed predominantly of members of the Pentecostal Assemblies of God, which was introduced into Nigeria by Augustus Ehurie Wogu and his associates at Old Umuahia.
Further, Nigeria has become an African hub for the Grail Movement and the Hare Krishnas[] and the largest temple of the Eckankar religion is in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, with a total capacity of 10, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints LDS announced creation of new Owerri mission in Nigeria in Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.
As of [update]the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15—49 was just 3. However, a major breakthrough came in Decemberwhen it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and was on its way to being declared Polio free. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery.
The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as ' brain drain ', because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe.
Init was estimated that 21, Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone, which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government. Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level.
The education system is divided into Kindergartenprimary educationsecondary education and tertiary education. After the s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria.
Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's degree.
Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crimeactive especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa.
As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August to May Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbeda type of advance fee fraud named after Section of the Nigerian Penal Code along with the " Nigerian scam ", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates.
The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. Inthe Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission or EFCC was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime. There is also some major piracy in Nigeriawith attacks directed at all types of vessels.
Consistent with the rise of Nigeria as an increasingly dangerous hot spot, 28 of the 30 seafarers kidnapped as of January—June were in Nigeria. Additionally, the single death to date in occurred in Nigeria. Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption. It was ranked out of countries in Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index ; however, it improved trace the history of nigeria stock exchange th position in Jonathan, however, dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for alleged mismanagement of the central bank's budget.
A Senate committee also found Sanusi's account to be lacking substance. Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of post-colonial literature in the English language. Nigeria's best-known writers are Wole Soyinkathe first African Nobel Laureate in Literatureand Chinua Achebebest known for the novel Things Fall Apart and his controversial critique of Joseph Conrad.
Other Nigerian writers and poets who are well known internationally include John Pepper ClarkBen OkriCyprian EkwensiBuchi EmechetaHelon HabilaT. AlukoChimamanda Ngozi AdichieDaniel O. FagunwaFemi Osofisan and Ken Saro Wiwawho was executed in by the military regime.
Nigeria has the second largest newspaper market in Africa after Egypt with an estimated circulation of bond trading stock market beginners guide million copies daily in Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include Chris AbaniSefi AttaHelon HabilaHelen OyeyemiNnedi OkoraforKachi A. OzumbaSarah Ladipo Manyikaand Chika Unigwe.
Nigeria has had a huge role in the development of various genres of African musicincluding West African highlifeAfrobeatand palm-wine musicwhich fuses native rhythms with techniques that have been linked to the CongoBrazilCubaJamaica and worldwide. Many late 20th-century musicians such as Fela Kuti have famously fused cultural elements of various indigenous music with American jazz and soul to form Afrobeat which has in turn influenced hip hop music.
There is also Fuji musica Yoruba percussion style, created and popularised by Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. There is also the Afan Music invented and popularised by the Ewuborn poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese.
There is a budding hip hop movement in Nigeria. Kennis Musicthe self-proclaimed number-one record label in Africa, and one of Nigeria's biggest record labels, has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip hop artists. Notable musicians from Nigeria include: In NovemberNigeria's music scene and that of Africa received international attention when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.
The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood [] and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world. Nigerian film studios are based in LagosKano and Enuguforming a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year.
Although Nigerian films have been produced since the s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies.
Joshua 's Emmanuel TVoriginating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa. Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs and flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers.
Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied. Football is largely considered Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football teamknown as the "Super Eagles", has made the World Cup on five occasions, and most recently in In Aprilthe Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankingsthe highest ranking achieved by an African football team.
They won the gold medal for football in the Summer Olympics in which they beat Argentina becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football. The nation's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanua two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter MilanArsenalWest Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth.
Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka UgbadeJonathan AkpoborieVictor IkpebaCelestine BabayaroWilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo. Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi MikelObafemi MartinsVincent EnyeamaYakubu AiyegbeniRashidi YekiniPeter Odemwingie and Jay-Jay Okocha.
According to the official May FIFA World RankingsNigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field. Nigeria's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania.
These players include Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwonand later NBA draft picks Solomon AlabiYinka DareObinna EkezieFestus EzeliAl-Farouq Aminu and Olumide Oyedeji. Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum, Nigeria faces a number of societal issues, owing primarily to a history of inefficiency in its governance. Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; [] according to the US Department of State, [] the most significant human rights problems are: Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality[] infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.
Under a law signed in early[] same-sex couples who marry face up to 14 years each in prison. Witnesses or anyone who helps gay couples marry will be sentenced to 10 years behind bars. The bill also punishes the "public show of same-sex amorous relationships directly or indirectly" with ten years in prison.
Another portion of the bill mandates 10 years in prison for those found guilty of organising, operating or supporting gay clubs, organisations and meetings. In the Nigerian state of Akwa Ibom about 15, children were branded as witches and most of them end up abandoned and abused on the streets. Because of its multitude of diverse, sometimes competing ethno-linguistic groups, Nigeria prior to independence was faced with sectarian tensions and violence, particularly in the oil-producing Niger Delta region, where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources.
Some of the ethnic groups like the Ogonihave experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction. Since the end of the civil war insome ethnic violence has persisted. There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony [ when? Rioters in Kaduna killed an estimated men, women, and children with a further injured taken to hospital. Sincethe country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haraman Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law in the country.
Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12, people dead and 8, people crippled. A visiting Nigerian Senator reported that all the primary and post-primary schools, health centres, worship centres as well as the police station in the area were destroyed.
The UNHCR representative said in 20 years of work, she had "never seen such a level of destruction". Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [] It also has signed Maputo Protocolan international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework.
Forced marriages are common. Child marriage remains common in Northern Nigeria. There is polygamy in Nigeria. Women have less land rights [] Maternal mortality was at perIive births in Inthere was a federal ban. In Nigeria, at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistulalargely as a result of lack of medical care.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the country. For other uses, see Nigeria disambiguation.
Not to be confused with the neighbouring country Niger. Birom Edo Efik Fulani Gwari Hyam Ibibio Idoma Igala Igbira Ijaw Ikwerre Itsekiri Jju Jukun Kanuri Katab Kulu Margi Nupe Tiv Urhobo-Isoko.
History of Nigeria and Timeline of Nigerian history. History of Nigeria before History of Nigeria — Nigerian military juntas of — and — Foreign relations of Nigeria. Environmental issues in the Niger Delta and Deforestation in Nigeria. Administrative divisions of Nigeria. A clickable map of Nigeria exhibiting its 36 states and the federal capital territory. Petroleum industry in Nigeria. Mining industry of Nigeria.
Largest cities or towns in Nigeria []. Corruption in NigeriaConfraternities in NigeriaPiracy in the Gulf of Guineaand Scams. Music of NigeriaCinema of Nigeriaand Festivals in Nigeria. Human rights in Nigeria. Conflict in the Niger DeltaReligious violence in Nigeriaand Herder—farmer conflict in central Nigeria.
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De; Safer, World Health Organization Department of Making Pregnancy 1 January Guiding Principles for Clinical Management and Programme Development". World Health Organization — via Google Books. Find more about Nigeria at Wikipedia's sister projects. Aro Benin Fulani Kanem-Bornu Nri Oyo. Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict Biafra conflict. Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife.
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